自閉症人士的心聲：認知方式及行為
Lawson, W. (2001). Understanding and Working With the spectrum of Autism.
1. Literality
As individuals with ASD, we may experience extreme levels of anxiety; therefore, structured strategies to cope with changes are essential.
(When the person with ASD was interrupted in her processing time and ‘lost’ in her train of thought, she will hold on to what she has to think out what she needs to do next.)
思維方式刻板
我們常有很大的焦慮感，所以一些清晰的策略來幫助我們適應改變是必須的。
(當自閉症人士的思考遭到干擾而感到混亂時 她會死抓她已有的東西來想下一步該幹什麼。)
2. Monotropism
It refers to the ability to focus in on one aspect of communication, or upon one interest at one time. It means difficulties coping with ‘change’ in routine, expectation, instruction, daily schedule, movement of attention and even incorporating another channel into the present scenario.
(People who are concerned with individuals with autism get used to
their occasional very emotional outbursts in response to seemingly minor
events. I believe these are a consequence of the great intensity of sensation
caused by their superfocussed attention, and the
abruptness with which they can experience changes of focus. (
單信道反應
它指在一個時間內，只能接收一項訊息或將注意力放在某一件事物上。因此我們難以接受種種慣例、日常程序、指令、預期方面的改變，也不容易轉移注意力，即使想在目前的場景內容納多一種接收信道也並不容易。
(經常接近自閉症人士的人，會逐漸習慣他們偶有因小事而大發脾氣的情形。我相信這是源自他們的注意力經常過度集中而積聚的一些強烈情緒，和他們在注意力轉移時所感到的猝然感，兩者一起造成的後果。)
3. Thinking in closed pictures
For many individuals with ASD every situation that we encounter is like encountering it for the first time. As individuals with autism we often need intention, context and scale explained to us. However, many of us can learn to generalize by academically learning the rules for each situation independently.
單一圖畫式思考方式
每一個場合，對我們都像是全新似的。我們很需要別人向我們解釋這情景的目的、重要性和包含的意義。我們大都可以像讀書般學曉個別情景的規則，並將之類化至其他場合。
4. Non-social priorities
There was a time when I didn’t talk. Not because I couldn’t, but I thought everyone knew what I wanted already, there was no need to tell them.
離群的僻性
有時我並不說話，不是我不能，而是我以為人人已知道我要什麼，再沒有需要告訴別人。
5. Issues with time
Sometimes events that are stored in my long-term memory present not as parts of the past but as very present issues. Time, therefore, appears to always be in the present. Concepts of the future are very difficult to imagine.
對時間的理解
有時候，我儲存在長期記憶中的事，不像是從前發生而似是剛發生不久，時間好像永遠只有目前，「將來」這概念對我們來說很難想像。
6. Issues with predicting outcomes
The inability to predict an outcome or fully understand consequences can be a strong component of the ASD personality. Due to being literal, monotropic, a processor of thoughts as closed pictures, and someone who has problems forming consequences, individuals with ASD may not see the reasoning or rationalization of events the same way as that of the neuro-typical population.
不能預測結果
自閉症的一個主要性格特徵，是不能預測結果或明白後果，由於思維刻板、單信道反應、單一圖畫式的思考方式與及不能想像後果，自閉症人士不能如非自閉症人士般去理解周圍事物。
7. Difficulties with theory of mind
We often need to listen rather than look. The words people use, are often the key for us to enable understanding. If people do not use clear language, then I can find it hard to work out what they mean.
The inability to ‘put ourselves in another’s shoes’, can be quite central to me being autistic. For this reason I and many other individuals with ASD are seen to be egocentric and may even appear selfish. This most important ability, however, can become a learned skill for some. (Ozonoff and Miller 1995) Being taught the social skills of sharing, listening, being polite, being considerate and affording to others the right to be different, are abilities that enable individuals with ASD to partake in corporate life.
解讀想法的困難
我們很多時候需要聽多於看，別人用的字句是我們理解的主要工具，如其他人的語言不夠清晰，我就很難知道他是什麼意思。
不能代入他人的想法，是我的主要自閉症徵狀，就是這個原因令到我和其他自閉症人士表現得自我中心和自私。但這種非常重要的能力可以被一部分人當作一種技巧學曉。和人分享、願意聆聽、有禮貌、代人設想、包容別人的不同，全都可幫助自閉症人士參與群體生活。
1. Reinforcement
I suggest that positive reinforcement of any small move in the direction desired is very rewarding. However, reinforcement is not the same as rewarding desired behavior with an offered ‘bribe’ for change. Rather it is offering ‘encouragement’ for any sign of behavior that is desired.
獎勵
我覺得任何行為上的輕微改善得到獎勵都是很令人欣慰的，但獎勵不等如賄賂，它只是對一些行為的改善徵象給予鼓勵。
2. Obsessive behavior
It may be motivated either by pleasure or by anxiety. Sometimes, simply because the individual with ASD does not know how to finish a repetitive activity they initiated, it can lead into anxiety even though it began as pleasure. The important thing to consider is that for whatever reason if anxiety is suspected then the individual might need help, to refocus and calm down.
沉迷的行為慣例
重覆性的行為可能由快感或焦慮造成，有時雖從希望獲取快感開始，卻由於不知道如何去完結而導致焦慮。最重要的事是如果稍有焦慮的跡象，自閉症人士應接受協助，轉移注意力和安靜下來。
3. Self-injury
Sensory overload can be a reason for anxiety and consequent inappropriate, self-abusive or aggressive behavior. If an individual with ASD is also intellectually ‘dis-abled’, then self-injury is one way to ‘relieve’ the pain from sensory overload.
Other causes may be boredom, illness, fear, anxiety, habit or confusion.
自殘行為
感官的過度刺激，可能造成焦慮和隨即而來的問題、自虐和侵犯性行為。如自閉症人士有智障的問題，自殘行為可以令感官過度刺激帶來的痛苦得到紓緩。自殘行為的其他原因可能是煩悶、疾病、恐懼、焦慮、慣性或不知做什麼才好。